The choice between residing in tall buildings and in few-story or detached dwellings has ‎been the subject of considerable debate, with each approach attracting its own proponents ‎and critics. This study investigates and compares the heating and cooling energy ‎consumption of multi-story and low-elevation buildings, incorporating the Fanger comfort ‎index as a measure of thermal comfort. Energy performance is evaluated on eight building ‎configurations with varying numbers of floors, under three distinct climatic conditions, ‎using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index as the primary comfort criterion. The building ‎scenarios range from single-story detached houses to 50-story high-rise structures. The ‎climatic cases—representing hot (Yazd), moderate (Arak), and cold (Shahr-e Kord) ‎environments—are simulated and analyzed using DesignBuilder software. The results ‎section presents detailed analyses of heating and cooling loads, comfort index values, and ‎electricity and gas demand for each building–climate combination, with monthly and annual ‎performance trends. The findings reveal that the number of shared walls exerts a greater ‎influence on energy consumption than the number of floors. Specifically, detached single-‎story buildings, which lack shared walls, exhibit up to 58. 9% higher heating demand and ‎‎67. 1% higher cooling demand compared to their counterparts with shared walls‎‎. ‎

Introduction: Introduction: Thermal comforts are one of the most human concerns in working as was as living environments in the past half century. Thermal comfort is the condition in which people are satisfied with the thermal environment, mentally. One of the new heating system employed in individual units is radiant heating system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of radiant ceiling heating system and its impact on thermal comfort of workers.Material and Method: In the present analytical-descriptive study, the designed radiant heating systems were investigated in two repair and maintenance units, in Hamadan gas pipeline operation center. Firstly, the environment parameters, witch impact thermal comfort, were measured before and after using radiant heating system, in both understudy units. Then, wind chill index, thermal comfort indices, PMV and PPD were calculated. In addition, PPD and PMV were determined, based on workers subjective feeling by a questionnaire distributed among 22 workers.Results: According to the results, the radiant heating system in unit 1, has reduced the wind chill index by 42.3 Kcal/ m2.h, witch is not considered to be significant. In unit 2, wind chill index has been decreased by 109.3 Kcal/ m2.h, witch mean that thermal comfort has been changed from cold to an optimum environment. PMV n unit 1 went up by 37% after turning the system on, witch is equal to 17.24% increase in workers satisfaction. However, in unit 2, the workers satisfaction was 14.3% higher in comparison with unit 1.Conclusion: Due to large space of these industrial units, producing appropriate heating by convection mechanism is too difficult and expensive. The results confirmed that if radiant heating system applied based on scientific design principles they could be effective in promotion of thermal comfort due to heating surrounding surface by radiant and also reducing fuel consumption.

One of the pieces of information needed for tourists to travel to mountainous areas is the climatic conditions of the destination. Most tourists pay attention to the climatic conditions of the region when choosing a travel destination. In order to study the effect of climatic elements on human thermal comfort conditions, it is necessary to use human comfort indicators. In mountainous areas, climatic variables such as temperature, humidity, wind, sunshine hours and precipitation together create climatic conditions that affect tourism widely. Studying these conditions can provide tourists with the ability to make reliable decisions. The data used in this study include the data related to the average daily temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sunshine hours, water vapor pressure, relative humidity, which was collected from the meteorological station of Ilam province. To analyze the data, first the months are divided into three decades and then the tourist climate calendar is prepared and adjusted for this station by considering the climatic comfort indicators and the PMV method. The results show that the climatic comfort zone in Ilam station considering the studied climatic parameters except for relative humidity in June, July, August and September, which are the best conditions for tourists in Ilam.

The weather has a huge impact on human comfort conditions. In the traditional Iranian architecture, designers have always tried to use climatic principles in buildings and urban spaces in order to provide comfort conditions for building occupants and users. Paying attention to climatic design of building elements such as roofs, floors, windows and walls can increase the comfort quality. Bazaars are one of the urban spaces that always have been built in compliance with climatic conditions in Iran’s traditional architecture. It seems essential to provide thermal comfort in bazaars in order to create a comfortable environment essential for the economic growth of the city. In this research the thermal comfort of Bazaar-e-Vakil in Shiraz is investigated based on PPD and PMV methods. In the absence of thermal comfort terms, arrangements can be considered in different seasons, using a combination of active and passive ways to create better conditions of thermal comfort. In this experimental research, the data was collected and measured based on field study procedure. The results show that from the thermal comfort point of view, in winter the degree of physiological stress, is without cold stress and the thermal senility is in the comfort degree, and less than 15 percent of users are dissatisfied with the thermal conditions of the Bazaar.

Background and objectives: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy encountered in clinical practice. Conventional electro diagnosis studies have been useful in the diagnosis of this condition. The Terminal Latency Index (TLI) is a derived neurophysiological value that adjusts the Distal motor Latency (DL) for the terminal distance and motor nerve Conduction Velocity (CV).Several studies have suggested utility of the median TLI for diagnosis of CTS.The goal of this study is to evaluate prospectively the sensitivity of the median TLI in the diagnosis of CTS and compare it with other electrodiagnosis techniques.Material and Methods: This study was done on 111 patients as CTS group & 62 healthy subject as control group. In all groups five selected tests of electrodiagnosis were done and all of them were compared with TLI sensitivity.Results: The mean TLI was 0.3±0.05 in the CTS group and 0.42±0.03 in the control group. The sensitivity of TLI was 73% The TLI wasn't statistically better than the other tests, but in three cases from the CTS group, the TLI was the only abnormal test.The 7 and 14 cm method had meaningful sensitivity in contrary to other tests.Conclusion: The sensitivity of TLI has no meaningful difference with other routine electro diagnostic tests in diagnosis of CTS.The median TLI is a useful but not more sensitive electrodiagnostic test for CTS.

Introduction: Three methods of OCRA Index, Strain Index (SI), and ACGIH HAL have been proposed for the assessment of risk factors of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Investigating the correlation and consistency of these three methods are of prominence importance in the workplaces. Thus, this study aimed to determine the correlations of the results of the above mentioned methods. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 tasks were studied in four industries. For each task, a video taping of a full working cycle was prepared and evaluated according to the instructions of each method. The level of risk exposure to musculoskeletal disorders was analyzed with correlation and Kappa agreement coefficient tests using SPSS (version 16) and R software packages.Results: The correlation between the results of risk assessments of OCRA and SI methods for right and left hands were acceptable and equal to 0.751 and 0.726, respectively (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the coefficients of agreement between OCRA and HAL methods for left and right hands were 0.526 and 0.595, respectively.Conclusion: These findings partly confirmed the agreement between the methods of risk assessment. The origin of this partial agreement can be the number and type of variables and their impacts on the final score of the methods.

Introduction: J.E.Hirsch introduced H Index to scientometric domain, representing actual scientific profitability quality of a researcher’s publications; and is equal to effective index for researchers. Literature review: Studies showed that documents database have provided different H scores for each researcher and for different scientific fields. Despite the utmost advantages of H-index it also have some flaws such as need to use complementary indices such as m, r, g index. Conclusions: The strength point of H index, is its ability to use in limited levels which is an complementary for other bibliomeetric exist indexes. This Index, with others, could be a suit index to improvement scientific levels for researchers, scientist, and scientific board members.

Tourism in a global sphere is considered as a social-geographical subject affected by the climatic, environmental, cultural, economic and social factors. Good Conditions will be positively responded by tourists and their travel plans will be successful because of those conditions. Consequently, the tourists and the tourism organizations need the reliable information in the field of weather conditions.During the recent decades, many bioclimatic indexes and models have been presented through using them it can be assessed how comfortable the climate of a region will be.This research was carried out to study the tourism Climate Comfort of Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiyari province using PMV indicator. In this article, the monthly data of air temperature, vapor pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and the amount of clouds in 8 stations for a statistical period of 24 years (1987-2010) were used.After performing the necessary procedures using Arc GIS 9.3 software, monthly maps with PMV model were prepared from cells in dimensions of 10×10 kilometers and were converted into data. Finally, the transformations of PMV indicator on any cell were calculated during the 24- years period using Man Kendal method and all points with increasing process were specified by a (+) symbol. Based on the obtained results of this study, it can be stated that in recent years the condition has improved as the Tourism Climate Comfort has gone up.